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<b>请注意:</b><br>本书基于 Elasticsearch 2.x 版本，有些内容可能已经过时。
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<h2 class="title">
<a id="search"></a>搜索——最基本的工具<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/050_Search/00_Intro.asciidoc">edit</a>
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<p>现在，我们已经学会了如何使用 Elasticsearch 作为一个简单的 NoSQL 风格的分布式文档存储系统。我们可以将一个 JSON 文档扔到 Elasticsearch 里，然后根据 ID 检索。但 Elasticsearch 真正强大之处在于可以从无规律的数据中找出有意义的信息——从“大数据”到“大信息”。</p>
<p>Elasticsearch 不只会_存储（stores）_ 文档，为了能被搜索到也会为文档添加_索引（indexes）_ ，这也是为什么我们使用结构化的 JSON 文档，而不是无结构的二进制数据。</p>
<p><em>文档中的每个字段都将被索引并且可以被查询</em> 。不仅如此，在简单查询时，Elasticsearch 可以使用 <em>所有（all）</em> 这些索引字段，以惊人的速度返回结果。这是你永远不会考虑用传统数据库去做的一些事情。</p>
<p><em>搜索（search）</em> 可以做到：</p>
<div class="ulist itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist">
<li class="listitem">
在类似于 <code class="literal">gender</code> 或者 <code class="literal">age</code> 这样的字段上使用结构化查询，<code class="literal">join_date</code> 这样的字段上使用排序，就像SQL的结构化查询一样。
</li>
<li class="listitem">
全文检索，找出所有匹配关键字的文档并按照_相关性（relevance）_ 排序后返回结果。
</li>
<li class="listitem">
以上二者兼而有之。
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>很多搜索都是开箱即用的，为了充分挖掘 Elasticsearch 的潜力，你需要理解以下三个概念：</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">
<em>映射（Mapping）</em>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
描述数据在每个字段内如何存储
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<em>分析（Analysis）</em>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
全文是如何处理使之可以被搜索的
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<em>领域特定查询语言（Query DSL）</em>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
Elasticsearch 中强大灵活的查询语言
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>以上提到的每个点都是一个大话题，我们将在 <a class="xref" href="search-in-depth.html" title="深入搜索">深入搜索</a> 一章详细阐述它们。本章节我们将介绍这三点的一些基本概念——仅仅帮助你大致了解搜索是如何工作的。</p>
<p>我们将使用最简单的形式开始介绍 <code class="literal">search</code> API。</p>
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<p class="title"><strong>测试数据</strong></p>
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<p>本章节的测试数据可以在这里找到： <a href="https://gist.github.com/clintongormley/8579281" class="ulink" target="_top">https://gist.github.com/clintongormley/8579281</a> 。</p>
<p>你可以把这些命令复制到终端中执行来实践本章的例子。</p>
<p>另外，如果你读的是在线版本，可以 <a href="sense_widget.html?snippets/050_Search/Test_data.json" class="ulink" target="_top">点击这个链接</a> 感受下。</p>
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